Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in Pregnant Women in the Ghanaian Capital City
Isaac Anim-Baidoo *
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
Akua Obeng Forson
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
Enid Owusu
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
Michael Olu-Taiwo
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
Emmanuel Afutu
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. However, there is paucity of information on the epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention of the disease among pregnant women in some Sub-Saharan African countries, including Ghana. This is very critical considering the association of T. vaginalis with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of T. vaginalis infection among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinic (ANC) at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and Mamprobi Polyclinic, all in the capital city of Ghana and to investigate the involvement of socio-economic and demographic factors in the possible transmission of the parasite.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 pregnant women using direct wet mount examination technique on high vaginal specimens collected with sterile swabs. Urine samples were also collected to detect T. vaginalis using the spun urinalysis technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect clinical and socio-demographic information.
Results: An overall prevalence of T. vaginalis infection of 3.6% among the pregnant women detected by HVS (high vaginal swab) microscopy technique was recorded. The highest prevalence (17.2%) was observed among the 20–24-year-old age group. Women in their 2nd trimester of pregnancy had highest prevalence (22.6%), which was significantly higher than those in 3rd trimester (1.0%) (P = 0.004). Prevalence in illiterates (25%) and students (28.6%) was also high. A significant association between T. vaginalis infection and vulvo-vaginal discharge, vaginal itching as well as tenderness and soreness was observed.
Conclusion: Although the study suggests a relatively low prevalence of T. vaginalis among the pregnant women, the presence of the infection emphasizes the need for highly sensitive routine screening techniques to be used at antenatal clinics. Additionally, health education for pregnant women on the need for good personal hygiene and safe sex practices should be encouraged.
Keywords: Antenatal, Accra-Ghana, pregnant women, prevalence, Trichomonas vaginalis, risk factors